Which of the following rights is guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment?

The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution specifically addresses the rights of individuals with respect to punishment and bail. It prohibits "cruel and unusual punishments," ensuring that the justice system does not impose excessive or inappropriate penalties on individuals, especially those convicted of crimes. This protection reflects a commitment to fairness and humanity in the penal system, aligning with the principle that punishment should fit the severity of the crime without being barbaric or degrading.

In contrast, the other options pertain to different amendments: the right to a speedy trial is protected by the Sixth Amendment; the right to legal counsel, also a provision of the Sixth Amendment, ensures that defendants have access to legal representation; and the protection against self-incrimination is guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment. Each of these rights is vital for upholding justice in legal proceedings, but they do not fall under the purview of the Eighth Amendment's specific focus on the nature of punishments.